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French-perhaps we may even establish entirely French institutions of learning. The famous German university of Shanghai, which has been changed since the war into a Franco-Chinese institution, seems clearly marked out to become an important centre of French culture in China. In China, as well as in Paris we shall seek to make our efforts felt in the intellectual domain. We have no idea of establishing anything like French domination in China. What we desire is to safeguard our moral interests. This, in my estimation, is the best way to achieve that economic alliance between France and China which it will be necessary for us to form with the Chinese Republic if we are to maintain the position in the Far East which we Occupied there before the war.
M. Painlevé was asked whether he would co-operate in his work with the "We do not underestimate missionaries in China. "I certainly shall," he replied. the services rendered by them to the cause of France, and we shall work in harmony with them, though we think that instruction by French laymen teachers is at present absolutely necessary.”
Germany Before the war, the Germans had realised the importance of the education of Chinese, and were operating about a dozen schools in the Shanghai, Hankow and Kwangtung districts, chief of which was the German engineering and medical school at Shanghai, which provided for about 570 students, and the German- An Chinese high school at Tsingtao which provided for about 520 students. ambitions and interesting outline for a German school system for China is given in "A Memorial for the Advancement of German Interests in China." issued by the German Association of Shanghai, April 1918," (reprinted in "Democracy and the Eastern Question." by T. F. Millard, pp. 432-440). This scheme involves an initial expense of 2,514,000 dollars (250,0007), and an annual expense of 1.769.250 dollars (170.0001). It would provide 9 middle schools in treaty ports, 35 mission middle schools, 5 technical schools, subsidies to 440 schools, and the maintenance of 300 students in Germany each year. This memorial gives the following useful figures with regard to foreign educational establishments actually existing in China
in 1913.
PROTESTANT MISSIONS.
Lower Schools.
Middle and High Schools,
Schools.
Scholars.
Schools.
Scholars,
English
1,445
American
1.992
Germau
164
32,303 44,354 4,862
241
7,552
286 15
28.040 523
Lower.-
CATHOLIC MISSIONS.
6,877 schools. 126,305 scholars.
Middle and High.—
157 schools, 6,545 scholars.
Further, it is observed, "The strength of English and American schools has thus far consisted more in the number than in the quality of the culture given. Moreover, these schools have wasted much valuable energy by drawing without distinction from all classes of society. We would confine ourselves to those circles which are destined to play a leading part, namely to the upper strata of the intellectual and commercial classes, and to take into our field of endeavour only those provinces, on which depend the future economic development of the country, and which produce the strongest men both in intelligence and character," viz., Chihli, Shantung, Shansi, Hunan, Hupeh. Szechuan, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Yunnan and Kwangtung.
The war has killed these ambitious schemes, and the German schools in China were all closed. But a newspaper report ("Daily Mail." of the 27th November, "the advance 1920), announces the arrival in Berlin of twelve Chinese students,
A new German school has already guard of an army that will speedily follow." opened in Shanghai.
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Japan. As Japan provides the nearest and cheapest way of access to occidental knowledge, it is not surprising that a large number of Chinese students, about 3,000 according to the Japan Year Book," 1920-21, are to be found in that country. Owing to the contemptuous way in which they have been treated, most of these return to China with a strong anti-Japanese bias. But the Japanese authorities are making efforts to improve these conditions. Two societies exist in Japan, supported by the Government, by the big firms, and by eminent private persons, for propagating Japanese influence in China. Of these the Dojinkwai has established hospitals in three of four centres in China; and the Dobunkwai runs a school in Shanghai ("Dobun-Shoin") for Chinese and Japanese pupils. A careful educational system for Chinese is provided by the Government of the Kwangtung Leased Territory, and by the South Manchurian Railway. We know that the Japanese Government are considering the remission of the Boxer indemnity; and it is no doubt upon the availa- bility of some such fund that ambitious Japanese educationalists are reckoning. It is reported from Japanese sources in Dairen, that It is understood that the raising of the South Manchuria medical college at Mukden, and the engineering college at Port Arthur each to the rank of a university is only a question of time (see enclosures to Tokyo despatch No. 505 of the 3rd November, 1920),*
Great Britain-The British missionary activities in China are second in importance only to the American, but, as Sir J. Jordan points out in his despatch No. 348 of the 23rd July, 1918, they are constantly hampered by "the eternal want of pence. The war and the high exchange have affected them most adversely. As a result, many of the missionary educational establishments are in low water, as for instance the admirable Anglo-Chinese college at Tien-tsin, which, if it cannot raise large funds to place itself on a broader and more advanced basis, must accept an offer made by the American Methodist Mission, to combine with them and carry on a joint school (Sir J. Jordan's despatch No. 40 of the 23rd January, 1920). Similarly the British side of the Shantung Christian University (with its important school of medicine) is suffering from lack of funds; and there is a danger that the American side of this joint enterprise will absorb the whole institution (Sir J. Jordan's despatch No. 52 of the 30th January, 1920).
Of non-missionary educational enterprises the Hong Kong University is by far the most important. This is the only British educational institution in the Far East which confers degrees. The formation of the university was formally advocated by the Governor of Hong Kong in December 1907. Mr. H. N. Mody (afterwards Sir H. N. Mody) offered to erect the necessary buildings at a cost of 150,000 dollars . (15.000—which he subsequently increased), and to contribute 30,000 dollars (3.0007.) towards an endowment fund: Messrs. Butterfield and Swire also contributed 40,0POZ. towards the fund, which before the end of 1909 had reached 1.279,164 dollars (127.000). The university was opened on the 11th March, 1912. It cannot be called an unqualified success. It has only some 200-300 students. Of this number, one-half are from Hong Kong and British Malaya. The remainder are Chinese Government scholars; and the number of self-supporting students from China is so insignificant as to be negligible. The principal deterrents are (1) the disfavour, shown by the Northern Chinese towards a South China university, (2) the high standard of English required for matriculation, (3) the comparatively expensive nature of the education. e.g., the annual cost for a student at Hong Kong is about 800 dollars (802.), or about 50% less than the Chinese Government allowance to a scholar at a foreign university abroad. Recent accounts state that the Hong Kong University which hitherto had at any rate paid its way, showed a deficit of 715,000 dollars (71.0007) in 1919. Å Government Commission urged immediate financial assistance, and expressed an opinion that the university must widen its scope, if it is to take its proper part in the development now in progress in China. In particular, there is felt to be need for improvement in the medical and engineering departments. Sir Robert Ho Tung has recently made a gift of 100.000 dollars (10,0002.) to the university for the endowment of workshops under the Faculty of Engineering.
In Great Britain itself, there are (according to newspapers) about 270 Chinese
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It may not be out of place to note the Japanese system of ryugakusei (Japanese students abroad). The Japanese Government sends to each university and higher educational centre in Japan asking the principals to select their most promising students. About a hundred of these are then chosen and are given travelling fellowships. The allowance is generally 2,400 yen (2401) for Europe and the United States of America, and 1,800 yen (1801) for China. Besides the Government students. there were about 2,100 private ryugakusei" in 1918. The majority go to the United States of America. (Bee Appendix.)
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